The kind of government existed under the 1935 Constitution.

• A. Commonwealth
• B. Parliamentary
• C. Presidential Republic
• D. Dictatorship

Answer: (A)

Under the 1935 Constitution, the Philippines operated as a Commonwealth—a transitional, semi-sovereign form of government designed to lead the country toward full independence. It created the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a President serving as both head of state and government, backed by a constitutional framework, a cabinet, and a legislature elected by Filipinos. This setup is distinct from a parliamentary system (where the executive relies on legislative confidence and a prime minister leads the government), a fully independent presidential republic (sovereign without a transitional status under another power), or a dictatorship (an undemocratic concentration of power). The Commonwealth status reflected a period of self-government under U.S. oversight, with independence planned for the future.